Wholesale billing applications include a variety of capabilities. Traditionally this area included inter-carrier settlements capabilities and this was later extended to interconnect billing applications. In today’s competitive markets and complex value chains, it has expanded further to include among others Roaming, wholesale operators, resellers, Mobile Virtual Network Operators, Content Providers and E-Commerce. There is now an array of applications in the area providing charging, billing, and settlement capabilities on a raw data basis, individual transaction basis and bulk basis across a variety of services and platforms. These applications work across a variety of platforms and support a wide range of services, preferably in one single system. Wholesale applications need to adhere to international standards such as TAP and RAP files, which are processed in Roaming solutions.<br/>
